Erika Cremer (1900–1996): Inventor of gas chromatography #

Her father encouraged her talent for science and technology from an early age, laying the foundations for a career in chemistry. However, Erika Cremer did not receive the international recognition she deserved.

Erika Cremer was born in Munich on 20 May 1900. Her father, Max Cremer (1865–1935), was a renowned professor of physiology who co-developed the glass electrode. He encouraged his children’s interest in science and technology from an early age, with great success: Erika Cremer, who later became a professor of physical chemistry at the University of Innsbruck, was not the only one to pursue a career in science. Her older brother Hubert (1897–1983) became a professor of mathematics and large-scale computing systems at RWTH Aachen University, while her younger brother Lothar (1905–1990) was a professor of technical acoustics at TU Berlin and also director of the Heinrich Hertz Institute of the Fraunhofer Society.

When Max Cremer accepted an appointment at the University of Berlin in 1911, the whole family moved to the German capital. Cremer passed her school-leaving exams in 1920 at a school for young women where the natural sciences were highly valued. She then studied chemistry, physics and mathematics in Berlin. She completed her doctoral thesis, in which she investigated the chlorine–hydrogen explosion reaction, under the renowned physical chemist Max Bodenstein (1871–1942). She received her doctorate in 1927.

During her years of scientific travel, the young chemist mostly worked without pay, for example with future Nobel Prize winner Georg Karl von Hevesy (1885–1966) in Freiburg and Michael Polanyi (1891–1976) at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (KWI) for physical chemistry and electrochemistry in Berlin. In 1936, Cremer returned to her main research focus, the explosive chain reaction between hydrogen and chlorine. Among other places, she worked with Otto Hahn (1879–1968) at the KWI for Chemistry in Berlin. In 1989, she wrote a widely acclaimed article about this period, “On the history of unleashing nuclear energy”, in the Österreichische Chemiker-Zeitung.

Cremer completed her habilitation in 1939 against the dean’s wishes. The following year, she moved to the Leopold-Franzens University in Innsbruck, where she was granted the right to teach and at the same time entered the civil service on a probationary basis—initially without pay. In 1945, she took over as acting director of the Institute of Physical Chemistry. Six years later, she was appointed associate professor and head of the institute. It was not until 1959—more than three decades after completing her doctoral thesis—that the University of Innsbruck appointed Cremer as full professor of physical chemistry. She held this professorship until her retirement in 1970.

Cremer is regarded as the inventor of gas chromatography, the scientific foundations of which she developed mainly in collaboration with her student Fritz Prior. Although Cremer published more than 200 scientific papers, international recognition came only gradually and very late. While British chemists Archer J. P. Martin (1910–2002) and Richard L. M. Synge (1914–1994) received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1952 for their work on gas, column and paper chromatography, Cremer was overlooked. Nevertheless, she played a major role in advancing the development of new analytical techniques. The practical implementation of the methods she developed was always close to Cremer’s heart, so she worked with chemical and pharmaceutical companies as well as manufacturers of analytical instruments.

Cremer never married and had no children. She devoted all her energy to research and teaching. During her time in Innsbruck, she supervised more than 70 doctoral students and four habilitation candidates. One of her students described her style as follows: “She loved chaos; entropy was always a favourite concept. She had ideas, she was brilliant—that was her strength.” Erika Cremer died in Innsbruck on 21 September 1996.

Literature

G. Oberkofler: Erika Cremer (1900–1996) – A life devoted to chemistry, published by the Central Library for Physics in Vienna, Studien-Verlag Innsbruck/Vienna/Bozen, 1998

B. Bischof: Cremer, Erika, in: B. Keintzel, I. Korotin (eds): Women Scientists in and from Austria. Life – Work – Impact, Böhlau Verlag, Vienna/Cologne/Weimar, 2002, pp. 121–124, ISBN 3-205-99467-1

German Chemical Society (GDCh): Women Chemists – They Existed and They Exist, brochure, 2003, p. 17