The graphical abstract illustrates green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles using plant extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents. Phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolics mediate nanoparticle formation, yielding stable, biocompatible particles. These biosynthesized nanoparticles demonstrate antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities, highlighting their potential as eco-friendly alternatives for cancer therapy and biomedical applications.

Abstract

This review explores the emerging field of bio-inspired nanotechnology with a focus on the green synthesis of silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles for cancer therapeutics. Chemically synthesized nanoparticles present limitations in terms of toxicity and cost, while conventional chemotherapy is associated with severe side effects. Plant extract-based green synthesis provides a promising alternative, employing phytochemicals such as alkaloids and flavonoids as reducing and capping agents. Phytogenic Ag and Au nanoparticles demonstrate remarkable antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer properties, attributed to their controlled size, shape, stability, and biocompatibility. The review emphasizes the diverse mechanistic pathways through which these nanoparticles induce cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines, including apoptosis and DNA fragmentation. Recent research utilizing various plant resources for efficient green nanoparticle synthesis is summarized, and the anticancer potential of Ag and Au nanoparticles is underscored.