In this paper, the recent advancements in the electroreduction of CO₂ to generate formic acid/formate over the last 5 years are reviewed with a focus on catalyst stability. The performance of common catalysts is also outlined and analyzed. Furthermore, methods for creating durable and highly efficient catalysts and the impact of the electrolyte microenvironment on stability are discussed.

Abstract

The electroreduction of CO₂ to high-value products is a promising approach for achieving carbon neutrality. Among these products, formic acid stands out as having the most potential for industrialization due to its optimal economic value in terms of consumption and output. In recent years, the Faraday efficiency of formic acid from CO₂ electroreduction has reached 90~100 %. However, this high selectivity cannot be maintained for extended periods under high currents to meet industrial requirements. This paper reviews excellent work from the perspective of catalyst stability, summarizing and discussing the performance of typical catalysts. Strategies for preparing stable and highly active catalysts are also briefly described. This review may offer a useful data reference and valuable guidance for the future design of long-stability catalysts.